Gunmen from the Palestinian group Hamas rampaged through Israeli towns on Saturday, killing at least 250 people and escaping with hostages in by far the deadliest day of violence in Israel since the Yom Kippur War 50 years ago.
More than 230 Gazans were also killed when Israel responded with one of its most devastating days of retaliatory strikes.
"We will take mighty vengeance or this black day," Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said.
"Hamas launched a cruel and wicked war. We will win this war but the price is too heavy to bear," he said.
"Hamas wants to murder us all. This is an enemy that murders mothers and children in their homes, in their beds. An enemy that abducts elderly, children, teenage girls."
Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh said the assault that had begun in Gaza would spread to the West Bank and Jerusalem.
"This was the morning of defeat and humiliation upon our enemy, its soldiers and its settlers," he said in a speech. "What happened reveals the greatness of our preparation. What happened today reveals the weakness of the enemy."
A 'sea of bodies' in the streets
Bodies of Israeli civilians were strewn across the streets of Sderot in southern Israel, near Gaza, surrounded by broken glass. The bodies of a woman and a man were sprawled across the front seats of a car.
"I went out, I saw loads of bodies of terrorists, civilians, cars shot up. A sea of bodies, inside Sderot along the road, other places, loads of bodies," said Shlomi from Sderot.
Terrified Israelis, barricaded into safe rooms, recounted their plight by phone on live TV.
An Israeli civilian killed by Palestinian militants lies covered in Sderot, Israel, on 7 October 2023. Source: AP / AP
Rave party attacked by gunmen
Esther Borochov, who fled a dance rave party attacked by the gunmen, told Reuters she survived by playing dead in a car after the driver trying to help her escape was shot point blank.
"I couldn't move my legs," she told Reuters at the hospital. "Soldiers came and took us away to the bushes."
Senior military officers were among those killed in fighting near Gaza on Saturday, the Israeli military said.
In Gaza, black smoke and orange flames billowed into the sky from a high-rise tower hit by an Israeli retaliatory strike. Crowds of mourners carried the bodies of freshly killed militants through the streets, wrapped in green Hamas flags.
Smoke rises after Israeli warplanes targeted the Palestine tower in Gaza City on 7 October 2023. Source: EPA / Mohammed Saber
Gaza's dead and wounded were carried into crumbling and overcrowded hospitals with severe shortages of medical supplies and equipment. The health ministry said 232 people had been killed and at least 1,700 wounded.
Streets were deserted apart from ambulances racing to the scenes of air strikes. Israel cut the power, plunging the city into darkness.
Australia condemns Hamas attack on Israel
Prime Minister Anthony Albanese has condemned attacks by Hamas against Israel, describing the conflict as a "very dark 24 hours".
Mr Albanese said no Australians, including ADF personnel, were caught up in the attacks in Israel, but conceded it was still too early to get an accurate assessment.
He said the government stood with Israel.
"This is an abhorrent attack on Israel. This is indiscriminate. Civilians being targeted, killed and murdered, and as well, many of them being taken as hostages," he told ABC's Insiders program on Sunday.
Palestinian medics inspect a damaged ambulance hit by an Israeli air strike inside Nasser Hospital in Khan Younis, southern Gaza Strip, 7 October 2023. Source: AP / AP
Foreign Minister Penny Wong called for the attacks to stop and said Australia recognised Israel's right to defend itself.
"Australia unequivocally condemns the attacks on Israel by Hamas including indiscriminate rocket fire on cities & civilians," Senator Wong said on X, formerly Twitter.
Opposition Leader Peter Dutton said the coalition "utterly condemns the unprovoked and abhorrent attack by militant Hamas on Israel.
"It is yet another example of a deliberate act of violence intended to inflict maximum harm on innocent civilians," he said.
Israeli firefighters extinguish fire after a rocket fired from the Gaza Strip hit a parking lot in Ashkelon, southern Israel, 7 October, 2023. Source: AP / AP
'The world is watching'
At the White House, US President Joe Biden went on national television to say Israel had the right to defend itself and issued a blunt warning.
"This is not a moment for any party hostile to Israel to exploit these attacks to seek advantage. The world is watching," he said.
"In this moment of tragedy, I want to say to them (the people of Israel) and to the world and to terrorists everywhere, that the United States stands with Israel. We will not ever fail to have their back. We'll make sure that they have the help that their citizens need and they can continue to defend themselves," Biden said.
Biden said he had told Netanyahu that the US "stands with the people of Israel in the face of these terrorist assaults. Israel has the right to defend itself and its people, full stop."
United Nations Middle East peace envoy Tor Wennesland condemned the attacks on Israel, warning in a statement: "This is a dangerous precipice, and I appeal to all to pull back from the brink."
Across the Middle East, there were demonstrations in support of Hamas, with Israeli and US flags set on fire and marchers waving Palestinian flags in Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen.
The Hamas attack was openly praised by Iran and by Hezbollah, Iran's Lebanese allies.
Long after nightfall, residents had yet to be given the all-clear to go home.
"It’s not over because the (army) hasn’t said the kibbutz is clear of terrorists," Dani Rahamim told Reuters by telephone from the shelter where he was still hiding in Nahal Oz, close to the Gaza fence. Gunfire had subsided but regular explosions could still be heard.
Hamas said it fired a fresh volley of 150 rockets towards Tel Aviv on Saturday evening in retaliation for an Israeli air strike that took down a high-rise building with more than 100 apartments.
Hamas deputy chief Saleh al-Arouri told Al Jazeera that the group was holding a large number of Israeli captives, including senior officials. He said Hamas had enough captives to make Israel free all Palestinians in its jails.
The Israeli military confirmed Israelis were being held in Gaza. A military spokesman said Israel could mobilise up to hundreds of thousands of reservists and was also prepared for war on its northern front against Lebanon's Hezbollah group.
Journalists take cover behind cars as Israeli soldiers take position during clashes with Palestinian fighters near the Gevim Kibbutz, close to the border with Gaza. Source: Getty / Oren Ziv
Hamas, which advocates Israel's destruction, said the attack was driven by what it said were Israel's escalated attacks on Palestinians in the West Bank, Jerusalem and against Palestinians in Israeli prisons.
"This is the day of the greatest battle to end the last occupation on earth," Hamas military commander Mohammad Deif said, announcing the start of the operation in a broadcast on Hamas media and calling on Palestinians everywhere to fight.
That Israel was caught completely off guard was lamented as one of the worst intelligence failures in its history, a shock to a nation that boasts of its intensive infiltration and monitoring of militants.
In Gaza, a narrow strip where 2.3 million Palestinians have lived under an Israeli blockade for 16 years, residents rushed to buy supplies in anticipation of war. Some evacuated their homes and headed for shelters.
Scores of Palestinians were killed and hundreds wounded in clashes at the border into Israel, where fighters captured the crossing point and tore down fences. Some of the dead were civilians, among crowds that attempted to cross into Israel through the damaged gates.
"We are afraid," a Palestinian woman, Amal Abu Daqqa, told Reuters as she left her house in Khan Younis.
